What are the main features of British conservatism Essay

What are the main features of British conservatism - Essay Example British conservatism takes its roots in philosophical ideas and concepts of Edmund Burke. British conservatism has a great impart on other world countries and their economic, political and cultural life. The British conservatism reflects the interests of rural land owning class and protects the Monarchy. The main values of British conservatives are the Angelical Church, family and property. Thus, during 1980s there has been a great shift towards free-market and liberal economic policies.Edmund Burke is transformed from a Whig into the crowning embodiment of everything that is valuable in conservative thought. Nineteenth-century conservatives, discouraged by the young Burke's support of causes such as Catholic emancipation, looked elsewhere for their ideological antecedents. There were, moreover, other writers (John Reeves, for instance) who elaborated a genuine Tory response to the ideas associated with the French Revolution. Burke has become the principal occupant of the Tory (Viere ck, 2005). Conservatives have long believed that the operation of this 'second nature' serves to protect a minority from many of the frailties which commonly afflict people (Viereck, 2005). The argument, which took root in the relatively fixed hierarchy of a predominantly agrarian society, is that those born into a elite can, in an unusual degree, acquire knowledge and wisdom, cultivate taste and virtue, and engage in civilized conversation, as well as being imbued from an early age with the responsibilities of public service. They are therefore less likely to be corrupted by power than those untrained in its exercise (Viereck, 2005). British conservatives espouse certain virtues or characteristics: prudence, justice, wisdom, moderation, self-discipline, frugality, industry, piety, honesty, obedience to and respect for authority, duty. Two other important aspects of conservatism are its anti-speculative, anti-theoretical stance and its espousal of some form of aristocracy. Political and social theory is even a sign of an ill-conducted state (Viereck, 2005). The conservative, then, tends to mistrust theoretical answers to problems, preferring the test of time and history. The conservative tends also to mistrust intellectuals, especially liberal and radical ones. Conservatism is a set of political, economic, religious, educational, and other social beliefs characterized by emphasis on the status quo and social stability, religion and morality, liberty and freedom, the natural inequality of men, the uncertainty of progress, and the weakness of human reason" (Viereck 2005, p. 76). For British conservatives, more important is the conservative's position on liberty and equality. Liberty is insisted upon; equality, however, does not exist nor can it exist. As Burke (1955) said, with his customary eloquence, levelers, acting for equality, change and pervert the natural order of things: "In this you think you are combating prejudice, but you are at war with nature" (Burke 1955, p. 56 cited Stanlis 2000, p. 82). This is perhaps the single most significant difference between the conservative and the modern liberal and the socialist. Modern conservatives strongly and positively prize freedom, as do liberals, and they acquiesce to policies and programs of equality because it is necessary or politically expedient to do so. if they bow at all, to what they see as a powerful contemporary force. It may even be said that modern liberals actively espouse equality, whereas modern conservatives actively espouse freedom and liberty and leave equality to liberals (Gamble, 1995). Less remarkable are the ideas of the modern right, for they have long been the stock-in-trade of free-market Conservatives. Those who now favour an enterprise culture share with earlier individualists a fear of creeping socialism, a conviction that the poor benefit from the wealth created by the rich, a belief that welfare coddling erodes self-reliance and places unfair burdens on the more competent members of

The Effectiveness of Professional Development in Mathematics Essay

The Effectiveness of Professional Development in Mathematics - Essay Example Numeracy is one of the most important part of pre-school and school learning. "It is our skills in numeracy that allow us to read a bus timetable, estimate the cost of a basket full of groceries, and transfer a 2-dimensional plan into a 3-dimensional reality. In the future, our children are likely to need higher levels of numeracy as adults than we do today" (2). We live in the twenty first century - it is time of globalization, high technologies and great information values, so it is very important children to possess appropriate knowledge of processing information, large part of which are figures, graphs and diagrams. It is necessary for children to develop numeracy skills since childhood - these skills are determined in their further mathematical education and development. 2. The problem is methodological approach to the numeracy strategy teaching in schools and pre-school institutions. "The Archdiocesan Numeracy Strategy focuses on ensuring that children develop their numeracy skills and understandings from the earliest years of schooling and that a love and enjoyment of numeracy is fostered" (2). The first phase of the system focuses on children up to four and their learning of the number system. "Assessment Guided Learning is a key element of the Archdiocesan Numeracy Strategy. Assessment Guided Learning means that teaching and learning is informed by what the child can do" (2). Quality teacher learning is tightly c... The main focus of the review is the teachers' professional development in mathematics and its application in numeracy strategy implementation. The teacher who works with the numeracy strategy must be very competent as he teaches small children, and numeracy skills are determined in children' further mathematical development. The growth of competence and expertise in classroom teaching is clearly crucial for teacher's professional growth and for the effectiveness of the whole Mathematics teaching system. A teacher must know how to teach well. Teaching numeracy, he must develop his own teaching skills such as: knowledge, comprising the teacher's knowledge about Mathematics, pupils, curriculum, teaching methods, the influence of teaching and learning of other factors, and knowledge about the teacher's own teaching skills; decision making, comprising the thinking and decision making which occurs before, during and after a lesson, concerning how best to achieve the educational outcomes intended; action, comprising the overt behaviour by teachers undertaken to foster pupil learning.Using numeracy strategy, lesson planning and pr eparation must take into account the specificity of the subject thought. These skills are involved in selecting the educational aims and learning outcomes intended for a lesson and how best to achieve these. It would be better if a lesson has the following structure: "Introduction - Warm up, revision/questioning, concept and language development, statement of goals and/or outcomes; Middle Phase - Activities in groups or pairs, hands on, extension, graded, levelled or open-ended tasks; Final phase - Sharing, reviewing and consolidating" (3). These phases are very

Marketing Communications Strategies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Communications Strategies - Case Study Example Marketing has moved from customer acquisition (winning new customers) through customer retention (keeping customers for life) towards customer selection (dumping unprofitable customers while selectively seeking and keeping the more profitable ones). The development of marketing communications is the major role of the promotional strategy component off the marketing mix. The marketing mix is essentially a conceptual framework that helps to structure the approach to each marketing challenge. At the heart of a marketing strategy is the target market strategy stemming from the markets segmentation process of segmentation, targeting and positioning. A marketing strategy specifies the segments to target, the brand or product positioning required to appeal to these targeted customers, plus the competitive advantage to be exploited versus rivals. Without a marketing strategy, the marketing mix activities are unlikely to bring significant benefits to the organization and probably will fail to satisfy and retain targeted customers. Core to a marketing strategy is the understanding of competition and the identification of a differential advantage – something unique to one supplier and highly desired by targeted customers. In terms of the overall competitive strategy, there are four broad options : (a) intense growth, when current products and current markets have potential for increasing sales; (b) diversified growth, which occurs when new products are developed to be sold in new markets; (c) integrated growth, owing to forwards, backwards or horizontal integration; and (d) maintenance, of the status quo. The marketing strategy should specify marketing objectives so that marketing performance can be monitored. UK - Soft Drink Industry Review : The roots of the soft drink industry have been engraved in the soil of United Kingdom for hundreds of years. The soft drink industry continued to grow steadily as the nineteenth century progressed. The current UK soft drinks market is 9 billion litres in volume. If adult juice drinks reached this proportion of the total market, the segment would be 360 million litres. The size of the target market must be set in context with the sales by volume of the leading carbonated soft drinks in the UK. Brands such as Lucozade and Lilt have sales of around 100 million litres, while Coca Cola is a massive 1.4 billion litres by volume. Overview : Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola can be identified as market leaders in the Cola drinks industry. They possess significant market share within the soft drinks industry. Coca Cola is a 100-year-old soft drink that started out as anything but soft. It was introduced as a medicine. "A delicious, exhilarating, refreshing, invigorating beverage in addition to being a cure for all nervous afflictions, sick headaches, neuralgia, hysteria, melancholy" said an early advertisement. Coca- Cola is enjoyed all over the world. The figure indicates that 1.6 billion gallons is sold every year, in over one hundred and sixty countries. Coca Cola's main challenger world wide is the Pepsi Cola most commonly referred to as Pepsi. Pepsi follows exactly the same brand and business model. Its differentiation is based on the fact that it was introduced more recently than Coke, and did not create the category. As a challenger, its brand image and market grip are lower. It challenges the leader on three facets: price, product and image. Price : it is a dime cheaper than Coke, at consumer level, but this creates a

Community Service for Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Community Service for Students - Essay Example This means that these services are meant for students who want to contribute to the betterment of the society. Community services can take a number of dimensions from school-directed service learning to individual assistive interactions with one’s society or large scale learning volunteering initiatives (Ferrari & Chapman, 1999). This paper, therefore, provides an argument that all students should participate in community services as it provides a platform upon which they develop new skills, experiences and ideologies. Community service can take numerous forms that include aiding in a nursing home, serving food at orphanages, teaching special-need children, cleaning parks, streams, and fields, volunteering at the local fire station, providing food for needy families, clerical duty for the red-cross organization, and volunteering to work for the Boy- or girl-scout (Reeb, 2006). Participation in community work can either be done individually or in groups. Examples of these organ izations include community service groups (involved in serving community members), organizations of students governments (serving students), and organizations that protect and serve the environment (Reeb, 2006). All these organizations are aimed at helping students acquire social skills, and organizational and leadership skills. Many students from high school level and above are required to undertake a certain number of community services as a requirement for graduation. The number of hours and type of community service accomplished by high school students usually make them highly recruited by universities and colleges (Rhoads, 1997). Unlike high school students, college students usually spend most of their free time participating in community services, and develop volunteer experiences to include in their resumes. Most university and college students are involved in community services, where they work as mentors and tutors to other students from local schools within that community. This helps students develop both academic and social skills, and influence children’s lives positively (Poplau, 2004). In most curriculums, community service is thematically required to maintain a student’s active membership in the community. Students’ participation in a wider number of community services under sufficient supervision, often help them develop appropriate skills required for developmental activities (Ferrari & Chapman, 1999). Tutors and supervisors should always ensure that the type of community services chosen by students is not harmful. Students should appropriately be supervised within their scopes of abilities, and giving them room to exercise and expand their skills and knowledge. They should also be allowed to perform some vital roles in the community, by allowing them interact physically with some chosen members from that community. In every society, there are several voluntary services that are available for a wide range of ages and capab ilities (Dunlap, 2000). Students also have limitless benefits to participating in community service projects. Although these are non-loan rewarding activities, the benefits they have for students are things that money cannot buy. The following are some of the benefits that make community services valuable for students; Participation in community serv

Pharaphrasing the Purple Hibiscus Essay Example for Free

Pharaphrasing the Purple Hibiscus Essay Kambili and Jaja both come of age in Purple Hibiscus as a result of their experiences. The book opens with Jaja rebelling against his devout Catholic father by skipping communion on Palm Sunday, an important religious holiday. The following chapters detail the events that culminate in Jaja’s defiance. The book is narrated by Kambili three years after this incident. Since she has been stunted by the severe punishments of her father, Kambili barely speaks. Her narration is striking because it can be concluded that she finds her own voice throughout this ordeal. Both Kambili and Jaja take steps towards adulthood by overcoming adversity and being exposed to new thoughts. Part of growing up is building your own identity by choosing which paths to follow. In Enugu, the only path Kambili and Jaja are allowed to follow is Papa. He writes out schedules and severely punishes them when they stray. When Kambili and Jaja visit their Aunty Ifeoma in Nsukka, they are astonished by what they find. Though her home is small and devoid of luxuries, there is love and respect. Her children Amaka and Obiora are allowed to question authority and choose their own paths. Obiora, though he is three years younger than Jaja, is articulate and protective. He has been initiated into Igbo culture by performing a rite of manhood. Jaja was not allowed to participate and is ashamed that he is lagging behind his cousin. In Nsukka, Jaja is encouraged to rethink his allegiances and make his own decisions. Aunty Ifeoma encourages Kambili to reconsider her stance on Papa-Nnukwu. As she has been taught by Papa, her grandfather is a heathen. But when she searches his face, she sees no signs of godliness. After witnessing his innocence ritual, Kambili questions the absolute rule of her father. Both Kambili and Jaja take major steps towards adulthood by claiming their individuality. Religion There is a contrast between Father Benedict and Father Amadi. Priest at Papa’s beloved St. Agnes, Father Benedict is a white man from England who conducts his masses according to European custom. Papa adheres to Father Benedict’s style, banishing every trace of his own Nigerian heritage. Papa uses his faith to justify abusing his children. Religion alone is not to blame. Papa represents the wave of fundamentalism in Nigeria that corrupts faith. Father Amadi, on the other hand, is an African priest who blends Catholicism with Igbo traditions. He believes that faith is both simpler and more complex than what Father Benedict preaches. Father Amadi is a modern African man who is culturally-conscious but influenced by the colonial history of his country. He is not a moral absolutist like Papa and his God. Religion, when wielded by someone gentle, can be a positive force, as it is in Kambili’s life. Papa-Nnukwu is a traditionalist. He follows the rituals of his ancestors and believes in a pantheistic model of religion. Though both his son and daughter converted to Catholicism, Papa-Nnukwu held on to his roots. When Kambili witnesses his morning ritual, she realizes that their faiths are not as different as they appear. Kambili’s faith extends beyond the boundaries of one religion. She revels in the beauty of nature, her family, her prayer, and the Bible. When she witnesses the miracle at Aokpe, Kambili’s devotion is confirmed. Aunty Ifeoma agrees that God was present even though she did not see the apparition. God is all around Kambili and her family, and can take the form of a smile. The individualistic nature of faith is explored in Purple Hibiscus. Kambili tempers her devotion with a reverence for her ancestors. Jaja and Amaka end up rejecting their faith because it is inexorably linked to Papa and colonialism, respectively. Colonialism Colonialism is a complex topic in Nigeria. For Papa-Nnukwu, colonialism is an evil force that enslaved the Igbo people and eradicated his traditions. For Papa, colonialism is responsible for his access to higher education and grace. For Father Amadi, it has resulted in his faith but he sees no reason that the old and new ways can’t coexist. Father Amadi represents modern Nigeria in the global world. Papa is a product of a colonialist education. He was schooled by missionaries and studied in English. The wisdom he takes back to Nigeria is largely informed by those who have colonized his country. He abandons the traditions of his ancestors and chooses to speak primarily in British-accented English in public. His large estate is filled with western luxuries like satellite TV and music. Amaka assumes that Kambili follows American pop stars while she listens to musicians who embrace their African heritage. But the trappings of Papa’s success are hollow. The children are not allowed to watch television. His home, modernized up to Western standards, is for appearances only. There is emptiness in his home just as his accent is falsified in front of whites. Over the course of the novel, both Kambili and Jaja must come to terms with the lingering after-effects of colonialism in their own lives. They both adjust to life outside their father’s grasp by embracing or accepting traditional ways. Nigerian Politics Both Kambili and the nation are on the cusp of dramatic changes. The political climate of Nigeria and the internal drama of the Achike family are intertwined. After Nigeria declared independence from Britain in 1960, a cycle of violent coups and military dictatorship led to civil war, which led to a new cycle of bloody unrest. Even democracy is hindered by the wide-spread corruption in the government. In Purple Hibiscus, there is a coup that culminates in military rule. Papa and his paper, the Standard, are critical of the corruption that is ushered in by a leader who is not elected by the people. Ironically, Papa is a self-righteous dictator in his own home. He is wrathful towards his children when they stray from his chosen path for them. In the wake of Ade Coker’s death, Papa beats Kambili so severely she is hospitalized in critical condition. Both in Nigeria and in the home, violence begets violence. Kambili and Jaja are kept away from the unrest at first. They witness protests, deadly roadblocks, and harassment from the safety of their car. But when they arrive in Nsukka, they are thrust into political debate. Obiora says the university is a microcosm for Nigeria – ruled by one man with all the power. Pay has been withheld from the professors and light and power are shut off frequently. Medical workers and technicians go on strike and food prices rise. There are rumors that the sole administrator is misdirecting funds intended for the university. This is a parallel to what is happening in the country at large. Kambili and Jaja now understand firsthand the struggle of their cousins. The personal becomes political, and vice versa. Silence Several characters are gripped with silence throughout the novel. Kambili suffers the most, unable to speak more than rehearsed platitudes without stuttering or coughing. Her silence is a product of the abuse that she endures at the hands of her father. Kambili does not allow herself to tell the truth about her situation at home. When her classmates taunt her for being a backyard snob, she does not explain that she does not socialize out of fear. She is not allowed to dally after school lest she be late and beaten. She finally learns how to speak her mind when she is taunted continuously be her cousin Amaka. Aunty Ifeoma encourages her to defend herself and only then can Amaka and Kambili begin their friendship. Kambili begins to speak more confidently, laugh and even sing. The titles of the second and fourth section are Speaking With Our Spirits and A Different Silence. Kambili and Jaja communicate through their eyes, not able to utter the ugly truth of their situation. Mama, like her daughter, cannot speak freely in her own home. Only with Aunty Ifeoma can she behave authentically. The silence that falls upon Enugu after Papa is murdered is, as the title suggests, different. There is hopelessness to this silence like the one that existed when Papa was alive. But it is an honest silence. Mama and Kambili know the truth and there is nothing more that can be said. Jaja’s silence betrays a hardness that has taken hold of him in prison. There is nothing he can say that will end the torment he experiences. The tapes that Aunty Ifeoma sends with her children’s voices are the only respite he has. Silence is also used as punishment. When Kambili and Jaja arrive in Nsukka for Easter, Jaja refuses to speak to his father when he calls. After the years of silence that he has imposed upon his children, they use it as a weapon against him. The government also silences Ade Coker by murdering him after he prints a damning story in the Standard. When soldiers raid Aunty Ifeoma’s flat, they are trying to silence her sympathies with the rioting students through intimidation. Silence is a type of violence. Domestic Violence On several occasions, Papa beats his wife and children. Each time, he is provoked by an action that he deems immoral. When Mama does not want to visit with Father Benedict because she is ill, Papa beats her and she miscarries. When Kambili and Jaja share a home with a heathen, boiling water is poured on their feet because they have walked in sin. For owning a painting of Papa-Nnukwu, Kambili is kicked until she is hospitalized. Papa rationalizes the violence he inflicts on his family, saying it is for their own good. The beatings have rendered his children mute. Kambili and Jaja are both wise beyond their years and also not allowed to reach adulthood, as maturity often comes with questioning authority. When Ade Coker jokes that his children are too quiet, Papa does not laugh. They have a fear of God. Really, Kambili and Jaja are afraid of their father. Beating them has the opposite effect. They choose the right path because they are afraid of the repercussions. They are not encouraged to grow and to succeed, only threatened with failure when they do not. This takes a toll on Jaja especially, who is ashamed that he is so far behind Obiora in both intelligence and protecting his family. He ends up equating religion with punishment and rejects his faith. There is an underlying sexism at work in the abuse. When Mama tells Kambili she is pregnant, she mentions that she miscarried several times after Kambili was born. Within the narrative of the novel, Mama loses two pregnancies at Papa’s hands. The other miscarriages may have been caused by these beatings as well. When she miscarries, Papa makes the children say special novenas for their mother’s forgiveness. Even though he is to blame, he insinuates it is Mama’s fault. Mama believes that she cannot exist outside of her marriage. She dismisses Aunty Ifeoma’s ideas that life begins after marriage as â€Å"university talk.† Mama has not been liberated and withstands the abuse because she believes it is just. Ultimately, she poisons Papa because she can see no other way out. The abuse has repressed her to the point that she must resort to murder to escape. Nature/Environment The book’s namesake flower is a representation of freedom and hope. Jaja is drawn to the unusual purple hibiscus, bred by a botanist friend of Aunty Ifeoma. Aunty Ifeoma has created something new by bringing the natural world together with intelligence. For Jaja, the flower is hope that something new can be created. He longs to break free of his Papa’s rule. He takes a stalk of the purple hibiscus home with him, and plants it in their garden. He also takes home the insight he learns from Nsukka. As both blossom, so too do Jaja and his rebellion. Kambili’s shifting attitudes toward nature signify her stage of transformation. During one of the first times she showers at Nsukka, Kambili finds an earthworm in the tub. Rather than coexisting with it, she removes it to the toilet. When Father Amadi takes her to have her hair plaited, she watches a determined snail repeatedly crawl out of a basket. She identifies with the snail as she has tried to crawl out of Enugu and her fate. Later, when she bathes with water scented with the sky, she leaves the worm alone. She acknowledges that God can be found anywhere and she appreciates its determination. In the opening of the book, Kambili daydreams while looking at the several fruit and flower trees in her yard. This same yard, a signifier of wealth, leaves her open for taunts of â€Å"snob† at school. But here she fixates on the beauty of the trees. When she returns from Nsukka after her mother has miscarried, Kambili is sickened by the rotting tree fruit. The rot symbolizes the sickness in the Achike household but also that Kambili is seeing her home with new eyes. Like the trees, she is trapped behind tall walls. Weather also plays a role in the novel. When Ade Coker dies, there are heavy rains. After Palm Sunday, a violent wind uproots several trees and makes the satellite dish crash to the ground. Rain and wind reflect the drama that unfolds in the Achikes’ lives. Mama tells Kambili that a mixture of rain and sun is God’s indecision on what to bring. Just as there can be both rain and sun at the same time, there are good and evil intertwined. In nature, Kambili gleans that there are no absolutes. Papa is neither all good or all bad, her faith does not have to be either Catholic or traditionalist, and she can challenge her parents while still being a good child. * 1-310-919-0950 * Log In | * Sign Up * 1) Five major issues explored in purple hibiscus are; domestic violence, oppression, religion, education and love. 2a) Adichie uses a narrative point of view to explore the theme of domestic violence. The book is narrated in the first person by a 15 year old who is directly affected by domestic violence. Because of her young age she is quiet honest and this allows her to paint a great picture to the audience of the brutal abuse that Eugene bestows upon his family. This is as a result of her sensitive, intelligent and observant nature. 2b) Oppression is explored through narrative point of view. Adichie uses the point of view of Kambili to show the audience how oppressed the country is not only in the Achike household but the whole of Nigeria. Again Kambili’s honesty and good descriptions help to give the readers an idea as of how oppressed the country and Eugene’s household really is. 2c) Adichie uses narrative point of view to explore the theme of religion. She uses this because Kambili the narrator is exposed to different kinds of religion, such as, fanatic Catholics, liberated Catholics and Traditionalists. Again, it is Kambili’s observant nature that helps to give the readers a good idea of what all of the practices are like. Kambili’s narration is also used to show the great impact that religion has on life. 2d) Education is also explored through narration. In the narration Kambili has an encounter with her father and Kambili’s father’s past gives us an idea of how important he thinks education is. 2e) Love is also explored through narration. Although Kambili is a 15 year old through her narration we are able to see that she loves father Amadi. The love however is immature in because they have known each other for a very short time. Although the love narrated is not very mature it is still love. Adichie uses narration to show the audience that Kambili is in love and Adichie uses her narration to give us some hints of this love. 3a) Adichie bring out [continues]

Understand and meet the nutritional requirements Essay Example for Free

Understand and meet the nutritional requirements Essay 1. 1-. Cognitive means the affect that dementia has on thinking skills e. g. memory, understanding etc. Functional is about the ability to perform actions such as feeding themselves. Emotional is about how they feel and react e. g. confusion can cause distress and aggression. As dementia progresses, eating and drinking can become difficult for some people. This factsheet looks at some of the difficulties that people with dementia may have with eating and drinking, and suggests ways to help. A person with dementia may no longer recognise the food in front of them. They may struggle to use a knife and fork as co-ordination becomes difficult. The person may not open their mouths as food approaches and may need reminding to do so. Food may be difficult to chew or swallow or they may not want to accept assistance with eating. 1. 2. Dementia can greatly affect a persons relationship to food and eating. The behavioural, emotional and physical changes that take place as dementia progresses can all have an impact upon a persons eating habits and on their intake of food and drink. It is important to do what you can to make sure that the person you are caring for enjoys their food and eats a healthy, balanced diet. Read more:Â  Essay About Nutritional Requirements As dementia progresses eating can become difficult for some people. However, by making a few changes you can help keep mealtimes as enjoyable and stress free as possible. 1-3-. Physical discomfort The person may be having problems with badly fitting dentures, sore gums or painful teeth, all of which will make eating uncomfortable. Lack of exercise If the person is not very active during the day, they may not feel hungry. Try to encourage them to move around during the day and take part in physical activities or exercise. 1. 4- culture, Identify and respect personal, cultural, and religious food preferences, such as eating tortillas instead of bread, avoiding pork or milk products, and not liking certain kinds of vegetables. Many caregivers have found that maintaining a sense of normality adds to mealtime pleasure, provides reassurance, helps maintain the person’s dignity, increases food consumption, and eases the tension that often arises during mealtimes 1. 5- The importance of adding a variety of food and drink – To maintain the individuals choice and Help the person drink plenty of fluids throughout the day—dehydration can lead to problems such as increased constipation, confusion, and dizziness. 2. 1- Mealtime cultures such as having strict meal times and sizes, a certain number of courses and in a certain order may not adhere to the needs of a person with dementia, their tastes may of changes and they may not wish to eat meals set out in a traditional fashion, they may not want to eat at the same time as everyone else or they may want to eat small amounts more often 2. 2- Assessing the mealtime situation can help caregivers identify and resolve problems and understand what is happening from the care recipient’s perspective. the visual aspects of the environment—for example, whether there is poor room lighting, too much glare or too many shadows in the room or on the table, unneeded items or too many food choices on the table, distracting patterns in the place setting, or too little colour contrast between the food and the dishes, how the food smells, tastes, and feels, If the care recipient has difficulty using utensils, replace some foods with finger foods such as small sandwiches, cheese, hard-boiled eggs, and fresh fruits and vegetables. Simple adaptive eating tools also can help some people remain independent and maintain a sense of personal control while dining. These include items such as plates with large rims, cups with lids and wide bases, flexible straws, utensils with large or built-up handles, and non-slip placemats or suction cups to keep dishes from moving on the table. 2. 3-Person centred approach -As dementia progresses, eating and drinking can become difficult for some people. A person with dementia may no longer recognise the food in front of them. They may Struggle to use a knife and fork as co-ordination becomes difficult. The person may not open Their mouths as food approaches and may need reminding to do so. Food may be difficult to Chew or swallow or they may not want to accept assistance with eating. If you are supporting a person with dementia at mealtimes it is important to remember that these reactions are not a deliberate attempt to be ‘difficult’, or a personal attack. The difficulties are likely to be related to changes caused by the person’s dementia. When supporting a person at mealtimes it can be a challenge to identify what the problem is, particularly if the person themselves is finding it difficult to find the words to explain, Meals should be relaxed and unhurried. Allow plenty of time and make sure that there are no distractions such as a television or excess noise in the background, do not feel you need to prepare elaborate meals – it is probably better to devote your energy to ensuring that the person eats and enjoys their food. Preferences and styles of eating may change, try to be flexible. If you have to assist a person to eat and drink, talk about what you are offering them to help remind them of tastes and flavours.

Human Resource Management (HRM) in Different Organisations

Human Resource Management (HRM) in Different Organisations Human Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in the organization. Human Resource Management can also be performed by line managers. (http://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryh/f/hr_management.htm) Storey defines HRM as a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic development of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an arryay of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. (Human Resource Management by Julie Beardwell Tim Claydon 5th edition) Thus, HRM includes so many activities like planning, recruitment, selection, training, motivation, remuneration, etc. HRM aims at mounting people through work. In addition to this concern for the individual, HRM is also about developing the environment within the company for developing good qualities. There must be good professional relationship between boss and the employees. The HR manager has to look at all these aspects of the company with long term view to the company. One way of presentating this is that it might have been said of the personnel manager that they were involved mainly in recruitment, payment and keeping account. They therefore concerned themselves with a fairly slight view of the people in the organization. (http://www.encompassculture.com/readinggroups/teachingmanagement/humanresourcemanagement/) The main activities of HRM: The one that we would list are as follows: Recruitment and selection Examples: HRM at nokia:Nokia Connecting People this motto is known all over the world. Nokia employs thousands of people from the world each and every year. Their method of recruitment is really very accurate and selective, and they recruit the people who fulfill their all requirements for the job. ( http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Nokia-Analysis/131739) Training and development Example: HRM at hospitality industry: Nowadays, in each and every industry, training is necessary. An introductory guide is fully updated with recent informations, news and datas.the hospitality industry mainly give attention to following avtivity of human resource management. Selection, appointment and induction Training and management development Labor turnover Employee relations and employment law (http://www.flipkart.com/human-resource-management-hospitality-industry/0750666366-s5w3f9hgko) HRM at B S healthcare London: It is the place where I am working. After interview they had a training for all new comers. It is basically a pharmacy industry which makes the medicines on daily order bases. When I was selected in the interview, I was told to complete 10 specific tasks related to my job of making the medicines, specially suspensions. And after identifying the skills they train the new employees nicely. (Personal experience) Example: Disneys Polynesian Resort: It has developed a training program, to facilitate employee understanding and commitment to the business and its values called Magic of Polynesia. At Edward Jones, new brokers attend 17 weeks of training at costs ranging between $50,000 and $70,000 per person. Conversely, many organizations provide minimal initial training, little on-going development programs, and poorly implemented on-the-job training (http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/1100302-1.html) Human resource planning Provision of contracts Provision of fair treatment Provision of equal opportunities Assessing performance of employees Employee counseling Example: HRM at health centers: Health centre employees must have some nice degree but it is also important that they behave very nicely to the patients. So continuous viewing of the staff in health centers must be monitored by the manager. Generally, in health centers HRM is being observed in following ways: A study of nurse staffing, organization and quality of care A study of staffing level, mix and outcome indicators An examination of nurse staffing, patient mortality rates.( http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/2/1/6#IDAQXWED) Employee welfare Example: HRM at Starbucks: Starbucks believes that one of their most expensive resources are their workers. Here the personnel are provided very good environment to work and they are very well treated by the boss also. Managers believe that they are playing the major role in their benefits. All workers are called partners of the starbucks, no matter what job they are doing in the coffee shop. Each partner is eligible to receive health care, participate in the Bean Stock program, and get a free pound of coffee each week. (http://www.academicmind.com/unpublishedpapers/business/marketing/2002-04-000aag-catching-the-starbucks-fever.html) Example: HRM at Hotels: Here, management staff is getting more benefits than non management receives. If the staff work more than 40 hours then they are paid per hour on regular basis and thay may get extra pay for doing over-time. They also have very good pension scheme and they can join in from day 1. (Human Resource management in hotel industry: strategy and innovation by Kim Hoque) Health and safety Example: HRM at airlines industry: Airlines have adopted a short-permits, cost-rational move toward to HRM and health and safety, evidenced by a range of plannings, in order to increase competitive advantage. But, here profit was considered more important than the health and safety of the workers. But nowadays, the management has been improved and the workers get more benefits from the company. (http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkpdfcontentId=879290) Disciplining individual Dealing with grievances Dismissal Negotiation Encouraging involvement (Introducing human resource management by Margaret Foot 2nd edition) Major characteristics of HRM: The major characteristics of HRM have been identified as follows: The importance of adopting a strategic approach is emphasized. Line managers play a very important role. They achieve the competitive advantage by the efforts of the workers. This can variously be interpreted into actions known as soft HRM. A unitary rather than a pluralist approach prevail in the relationship between managers and employees. (Introducing human resource management by Margaret Foot 2nd edition) Strategic human resource management: Strategic human resource management can be defined as the linking of human resources with strategic goals and objectives in order to progress business performance and develop organizational culture that foster innovation, flexibility and competitive advantage. In an organisation SHRM means accepting and involving the HR function as a strategic colleague in the formulation and execution of the companys strategies through HR behavior such as recruiting, selecting, training and rewarding personnel. (http://ezinearticles.com/?What-is-Strategic-Human-Resource-Management?id=549585) (http://www.indianmba.com/Faculty_Column/FC722/fc722.html) Since the early 1980s when human resource management arrived on the managerial agenda, there has been considerable debate concerning its nature and its nature and its value to organizations. Indeed, the now large literature rarely differentiates between HRM and SHRM. Some have focused HRM as a means of gaining commitment and linked this to outcomes of enhanced organizational performance and business effectiveness through best practice models or high performance work practices. (Human Resource Management by Julie Bardwell Tim Claydon, 5th edition) Features of SHRM: The key features of SHRM are: There is a strong relation between HR policy and practices and final organizational strategic aims and the organizational environment. There is some organizing diagram linking HR intervention so that they are equally helpful Much of the responsibility for the management of human resources is developed losing the line.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Example: HRM at Cisco System: Charles Schwab was the manager at Cisco system. They think that for providing outstanding customer services, it is necessary to treat their own employees very well. This translates into Schwab employees with five years of service being eligible for four-week paid sabbaticals that can be combined with vacation time. The practices at these sharp contrast to the well-known restaurants that pay minimum weges. ( http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/1100302-1.html) How SHRM differs from HRM: In the last two decades there has been an increasing awareness that HR functions were like an island unto itself with softer people-centred values far away from the hard world of real business. In order to justify its own existence HR functions had to be seen as more intimately connected with the strategy and day to day running of the business side of the enterprise. Strategic human resource management focuses on human resource programs with long-term objectives. Instead of focusing on internal human resource issues, the focus is on addressing and solving problems that effect people management programs in the long run and often globally. ((http://ezinearticles.com/?What-is-Strategic-Human-Resource-Management?id=549585) (http://www.indianmba.com/Faculty_Column/FC722/fc722.html) What are strategic goals and objectives?: Strategic goals are statements of what you wish to get over the period of planned plan, for examples next month, next year, ten years. They reflect the detailed analysis you do that starts with creating a idea, a role statement and a work statement, and then your analysis of your environment, strengths, opportunities and threats. In other way, drafting five or six major strategic or business goals may seem relatively simple. The actual writing may be but connecting the goals to the break of the strategic planning process requires a high degree of analytic and reasonable skill. Example: HRM in boots: boots is a company which produces different kind of products. It is very difficult to make a major change in the organizational staff, ans also it is too difficult for multitask business to single task operations. During the year 2002-03 boots engaged in a programme of focus group meeting for all of their retail employees with the aim of informing and engaging everyone in the business; this involved more than 51000 people staff. The key objective of the meeting was that all staff develop understanding of Boots markets, customers and competitors. (http://www.bized.co.uk/compfact/boots/boots_old/boots_old_15.htm) Organizational innovation and HRM: Innovations can be defined as deliberate and radical changes in existing products or services, processes or the organisation in order to reach competitive advantage compared with competitors . Crucial aspects in this definition are: Innovation means the introduction of something new, at least for the standing organization, in terms of new products or services, new technology or new forms of organization; Innovation takes place with the intention to gain some advantage; Innovations develop through radical jumps although many authors also speak of incremental innovation; Innovations can be managed; this means that there are activities/stages such as goal formulation, design and organization, implementation and monitoring. But they can also present an opportunity: answering them gives the organization the option to expand or to develop into a new direction. In our conceptual framework we distinguish four types of developments: Economic developments, like changes in markets and industries, changes in demands for products and/or services, etc. Technological developments, like the development and application of new technology. Social/cultural developments, like demographical changes, changes in individual preferences, such as individualization, emancipation of specific groups, etc. Political developments, like changes in government policies (towards innovations), general trends like liberalization of trade, supra-national co-operation, etc. (http://www.allbusiness.com/professional-scientific/management-consulting/1024364-1.html) Example of HRM-innovation: The delegation of the responsibility for the development and introduction of new work methods to a team (devolution). Example of HRM-innovation: The introduction of a reward system that is related to innovation outcomes, like the number of new products, the successful implementation of a new technology, etc. Example of HRM-innovation: The HR leadership award which was a part of global excellence awards presented at the congress, is in recognition of Mr. Joshis leadership and contribution to the field of HR. as a tradability. Example of HRM-innovations: The introduction of a more flexible staffing approach e.g. by giving people contracts for the duration of their projects instead of permanent contracts. (http://www.zyduscadila.com/press/Asia%20Pacfic%20HRM%20Congress%20Award%20.pdf) HRM and FLEXIBILITY: The human resource management practices that may affect labor flexibility, that is, the adaptability of a firms workforce. A random sample of managers in the largest manufacturers in Taiwan completed a structured questionnaire containing a measure of employee participation as an indicator of a firms labor flexibility. Important terms related to flexibility of an organization are listed below: Labor market flexibility, where it is said that regulation and resulting inflexibility of the job market act against growth and should be minimized. Flexible firm: a model of organization developed by the former Institute of Manpower Studies in the UK during the 1980s. Argues for a workforce composed of core and peripheral workforces. They take care of the organizations key functions. Peripheral workers are split into three categories: Regular employees engaged in relatively low-skill, routine work. Fairly low pay and insecure the next wave of technology can remove the need for these people. Contingent employees working on high-skill tasks, perhaps on short-term contracts or projects. High pay, no job security but this is compensated for by the freedom to pick and choose projects. Low-skill, low pay contract workers often provided by an agency for cleaning, routine security, catering, etc. Within the model there are some key explanatory concepts:numerical,functionalandpayflexibility and also distancing. The model has its critics and there is little evidence that organizations have made much use of it as a strategic concept. However, individual components such as sub-contracting are commonplace. Flexible specialization. An argument that fordism or mass production is declining in favor of smaller niche market manufacturing. Consumers are more demanding, it seems, wanting more individual products. Questionable. Example: HRM at McDonalds: McDonalds places emphasis on the training and development of its workers. They provide career opportunities for people to achieve their potential. Specially, the firm offers both part-time and full-time career opportunities, which helps staff to combine work with family or educational commitments. Job progression is used to encourage employees who got their 1st job in the firm to progress to manage positions. Over half of the companys middle and senior managers have moved up from restaurant-based positions. ( http://www.bized.co.uk/compfact/mcdonalds/mc16.htm) Managing organizations strategically: A processual view of strategy sees it as the pattern emerging over the time in an organization as actions of both planned and unplanned nature are carried out to enable the organization as a whole to carry on into the future. It follows from this view that strategic choices or managerial decisions are those that have: A corporate dimension: relate to the whole organization as opposed simply to a part of it; A long term implication: whether this be a matter of just surviving in the sense of staying viable or a matter of aiming to operate at higher level of performance. (The strategic management of human resources-Jhon Leopold 2nd edition) SHRM and culture: Over the past decade, the management of a firms entire supply chain has become the process for building improved and stronger upstream and downstream business linkage. Over the past decade, the management of a firms total supply chain has become the process for building better and stronger upstream and downstream business linkages. He concept organizational culture refers to the character of a firm, i.e., what makes the organization unique in the eyes of insiders and outsiders. While there are many definitions of culture, the common theme is the presence of shared values, beliefs, assumptions, and patterns of behavior. Two critical cultural elements are inherent in this definition. The first element of culture is the shared nature of job or role expectations. Over time, supply chain members also develop a common awareness about what is expected of them and what they can anticipate in return. In this sense, there are two aspects of shared expectations: The internal culture that characterizes employee expectations and The external culture that designates channel member expectations. (The strategic management of human resources-Jhon Leopold 2nd edition) Conclusion: I, definitely, think that the linking of HRM with strategic goals and objectives by any organization will help to improve business performance and develop organizational culture s that foster and flexibility. Research on diversity of national cultures and their influence on employees behavior inspire much optimism about emerging perspectives on culture and SHRM practices. There is a growing amount of research that illuminates differences in the way organizations around the globe make decisions, allocate resources, negotiate, manage and motivate employees and train them. Also, from above examples, it can be said that human resource management plays most important role in development of any organization. Strategic HRM is really important for creating innovative culture of an organization. REFERENCES: What Is Human Resource Management?-http://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryh/f/hr_management.htm HRM INTRODUCTION-http://tutor2u.net/business/people/hrm_introduction.htm hrm- http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/human-resource-management-HRM.html Strategic human resource management-http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/corpstrtgy/general/strathrm.htm HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT http://www.encompassculture.com/readinggroups/teachingmanagement/humanresourcemanagement/ Influence of Culture on Strategic Human Resourcehttp://www.strathmore.edu/research/strategic-human-resource-mgt.pdf Challenges of hrm-http://www.zeromillion.com/business/hrm.html What is hrm?-http://ezinearticles.com/?What-is-Strategic-Human-Resource-Management?id=549585 Can you give me an example of human resource management at the company?-http://www.bized.co.uk/compfact/mcdonalds/mc16.htm Nokia analysis-http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Nokia-Analysis/131739 Office of Personnel Management- http://www.opm.gov/studies/alignnet.pdf Can you give me an example of HRM at the company?-http://www.bized.co.uk/compfact/boots/boots_old/boots_old_15.htm HRM in the airline industry: strategies an outcomeshttp://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkpdfcontentId=879290 Hrm at The Hospitality Industry http://www.flipkart.com/human-resource-management-hospitality-industry/0750666366-s5w3f9hgko The effects of culture and human resource management- http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/1100302-1.html Hand book on hrm- http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=D78K7QIdR3UCpg=PA142dq=hrm%2Bgoalssource=gbs_selected_pagescad=3#v=onepageq=hrm%2Bgoalsf=false Innovating Organisations and HRM:-http://www.allbusiness.com/professional-scientific/management-consulting/1024364-1.html What Are The Characteristics of Good Strategic Goals and Objectives Within Strategic Planning?http://work911.com/planningmaster/faq/goalsgood.htm http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/2/1/6#IDAQXWED JOURNAL of diversity management- Third Quarter 2007 Human Resource Management by Julie Beardwell Tim Claydon, 5th edition Organizational Behaviour by David Buchanan, 5th edition Introducing human resource management by Margaret Foot 2nd edition The strategic management of human resources-Jhon Leopold 2nd edition Human resource management practiceBy Michael Armstrong page 144 Human Resource management in hotel industry: strategy and innovation by Kim Hoque Strategic Human Resource Management by Susan Jacson BIBLIOGRAPHY: JOURNAL of diversity management- Third Quarter 2007 Human Resource Management by Julie Beardwell Tim Claydon, 5th edition Organizational Behaviour by David Buchanan, 5th edition Introducing human resource management by Margaret Foot 2nd edition The strategic management of human resources-Jhon Leopold 2nd edition Human resource management practiceBy Michael Armstrong page 144 Human Resource management in hotel industry: strategy and innovation by Kim Hoque Strategic Human Resource Management by Susan Jacson